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Typhoid caused by Salmonella Typhi,
a gram –ve bacteria infects 21.6 mn people, killing 200,000 every year.
Healthcare professionals being the
center of communities and reachable to masses; play a critical role in
providing healthcare; and alongside, creating awareness in people regarding
protection from infectious diseases, preventive measures, first aid to tackle
the infection and long term solution based connections.
Introduction
Pakistan has the highest estimated
incidence rate of typhoid fever (493.5 per 100,000 persons/year). physician is
responsible for correct prescription of medicines, pharmacists are responsible
to develop healthy combination of drugs that is efficacious with least side
effects and nurses play a key role in preventing typhoid infection by offering
advice on prevention.
In 2016, a multidrug-resistant Typhi
strain that is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and additionally to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone
was identified that are used as first and second line of therapies in patients
hospitalized in Pakistan.
Clinical information from Pakistan
indicates that third line therapies including azithromycin and meropenem are
the most effective antibiotics for treating S typhi. For prevention two
vaccines against typhoid are currently available in Pakistan, first one is a
single dose of injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine and second is a single dose
typhoid conjugate vaccine.
Role of HealthCare Professionals in
Treating Typhoid in the Past
The drinking water chlorination
concept made a significant impact on the number of individuals affected by the
disease, which was invented by John L. Leal; a Physician and sanitary adviser
to drinking water companies.
Sidney Katz, a geriatrician and
health services researcher proposed the concept of Activities of daily living
(ADLs) in 1950, i.e. measurement of functional status of patients. This concept
is widely used by the nursing staff and healthcare professions today.
Objectives
The Physicians are responsible to
negate fatalistic laymen views in regard to typhoid’s occurrence and convey
masses the necessary preventive developments regarding the lifestyles, usage of
first aid medications, demotivate wrong use of empirical therapies resulting in
its resistance by organism. The Pharmacists are responsible to develop healthy
combination of drugs that is efficacious with least side effects and difficult
to tackle by the infectious organism, preventing the disastrous developments by
germs against humane health. Hence, our goal is:
· To discuss about importance & role of these health care
experts.
· To study & aware about typhoid, and negate its misconceptions
& misuses of medication in it; specifically in Pakistan.
· To frame future policy adaptions by the health care experts to
maximize their roles and utilization in awareness and decrement of diseases
Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever According to World Health Organization
Guidelines.
Methodology
The method of analytical study of
various articles stating about the development of typhoid’s management, was
used & the historical and critical site descriptions were incorporated into
the study.
The data and facts were also taken
from conducted survey among common people.
Typhoid Awareness Survey Among
Common People
According to World Health Organization Guidelines
Future Policy To Maximize The Role
Of Pharmacists, Physicians, & Nurses
· Awareness sessions by Marketing Pharmacists.
· Physicians' medication awareness to patients.
· Nursing trainings with ADL learning.
· Budget increment for sponsorship.
· Staff's regular typhoid checkup.
· Free blood tests in slum areas.
· Typhoid regimen consensus by Health care professionals and
Researchers.
· Physicians' guide to regimen completion.
· Induction of qualified Retail Pharmacists at medical stores.
Conclusion
The health care sector is
responsible to negate fatalistic laymen views in regard to typhoid’s occurrence
and convey masses the necessary preventive developments regarding the
lifestyles, usage of first aid medications, demotivate wrong use of empirical
therapies resulting in its resistance by organism. Taking witnesses of
obligations of health care professionals from the past, analyzing their
contributions, negligence and researches and seeking for the betterments which
can be made in future to deal effectively with the disease, is the purpose of
this study.
References:
- https://www.who.int/teams/health-workforce/health-professions-networks
- Panzner U, Pak GD, Aaby P, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Ali M, Aseffa A, Baker S, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Crump JA, Deerin J, Cruz Espinoza LM, Gasmelseed N, Heriniaina JN, Hertz JT, Im J, von Kalckreuth V, Keddy KH, Lankoande B, Løfberg S, Meyer CG, Oresto MM, Park JK, Park SE, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Sarpong N, Soura AB, Gassama Sow A, Tall A, Teferi M, Worku A, Yeshitela B, Wierzba TF, Marks F. Utilization of Healthcare in the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Mar 15;62
- Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 May. 82(5):346-53.
- WHO: Background document: The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of typhoid fever. Geneva, World Health Organization Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. WHO/V&B/03.07; 2003
- ZakiS. A., & KarandeS. (2011). Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 5(05), 324-337.
- https://www.mmidsp.com/typhoid-management-guidelines-2019/
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